两次飞机增雨作业过程数值模拟分析

利用国家气象中心GRAPES业务模式耦合混合相双参数云微物理方案,对2010年12月15日的两次飞机人工增雨作业过程进行了催化数值模拟分析。分析得出:GRAPES模式基本能给出正确的中低层天气形势场和降水的动力结构,较大降水的落区和范围基本可信,降水强度较实况偏小;按照作业实况进行催化模拟具有一定的可信度,与实况降水在较强降水区域有较好的对应性;两次播撒都取得了增加降雨量的效果,24 h平均增雨量在3~5 mm,最大增雨量达7 mm,两次播撒后增雨作业区的累计降水总量较未播撒时增加约一倍;播撒有效时段在4 h内,播撒后1~2 h雨量增加最大,增雨区域初期与播撒区域一致,随时间延长而在播撒区附近扩散;第一次播撒时,播撒冰晶消耗液态水,转化成固态水,水汽流入速度加快,向液态水转化加快,液态水迅速恢复,未出现减雨现象;第二次播撒时,云中固态水争食水汽增长,液态水得不到补充,云中上升运动减弱,自然降水阶段出现减雨现象。     

Evaluation of Reanalysis Products with in situ GPS Sounding Observations in the Eastern Himalayas简

Previous studies have shown that reanalysis products contain large uncertainties in the Tibetan Plateau（TP）,and the biases are location dependent.Therefore,these products must be evaluated with in situ observations prior to their applications.In this study,the authors compare the results of several reanalysis projects with independent sounding observations recorded in the Yarlung Tsangpo River valley in the Eastern Himalayas in June 2010.These reanalysis projects include Climate Forecast System Reanalysis（CFSR）,Interim European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis（ERA- Interim）,Japanese 25-year Reanalysis（JRA-25）,Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications（MERRA）,National Center for Environmental Prediction and the Department of Energy Reanalysis 2（NCEP-R2）,and NCEP Final Analysis（FNL）.Statistical quantities such as average,mean bias（MB）,root-mean-square difference（RMSD）,and correlation coefficient（R） of temperature,specific humidity,u-wind,and v-wind between 100 hPa and 650 hPa were calculated.The authors determined that the performance of each product differed with variables at different levels.The average profiles of the variables were captured by the reanalysis products,with large biases appearing at lower levels.ERA-Interim and NCEP-R2 showed the best and worst performances,respectively,for all variables.This study suggests that users should select appropriate reanalysis products according to their specific purposes for TP research.     

中华鳖Trionyx sinensis(Wiegmann)对泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus(Cantor)幼鱼的捕食效应

以规格6m×4m×1.2m的室内水泥池为实验单元,A[(37.53±7.72)mm]、B[(63.13±12.95)mm]肛长组泥鳅幼鱼为猎物,采用捕食者-猎物间捕食效应研究方法,研究了中华鳖对泥鳅幼鱼的捕食效应。结果表明:(1)中华鳖捕食泥鳅幼鱼的时段主要集中于00:00—4:00,其对A肛长组泥鳅幼鱼所具的捕食选择性与A、B肛长组间初始数量的配置比例无关;(2)中华鳖捕食泥鳅幼鱼的功能反应属Holling-Ⅱ型,其对A、B肛长组泥鳅幼鱼的理论最大捕食量分别为16.13ind/d和9.06ind/d;(3)中华鳖对A、B肛长组泥鳅幼鱼的种内干扰模型可分别由各自的指数方程表达,用来描述实验鱼初始数量、实验期间实验鱼被捕食数量以及中华鳖个数等参数的统计关系,并指导确定合理的中华鳖和泥鳅的初始放养数量。     

龙门县寒冷天气统计特征及其对人体舒适度的影响

根据龙门县1962—2012年逐日气象资料,采用线性回归、滑动平均、人体舒适度指数等方法,研究了龙门县寒冷天气统计特征及其对人体舒适度的影响。结果表明,近50年来龙门寒冷天气日数呈不显著减少趋势,减少速率每10年1.9 d,但近10年寒冷天气日数呈增加趋势。寒冷天气主要出现在12—2月,占全年的86.8%。寒冷天气可分阴冷寡照型、晴空辐射型、冷空气来袭型3种类型。部分橙色寒冷天气虽然早晚气温较低,人体感觉寒冷,但中午气温较高,人体感觉舒适;而黄色寒冷天气若为阴雨寡照型时,全天气温较低,人体感觉寒冷。     

山东沿海菲律宾蛤仔不同地理群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP技术对山东沿海菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）4个野生群体（乳山、无棣、牟平、即墨）进行了遗传多样性分析。采用6对引物组合对4个群体进行扩增,共得到356个位点,乳山群体、无棣群体、牟平群体和即墨群体的多态位点比例依次为74.40%、70.50%、72.80%、74.70%,具有较高的遗传多样性水平。其中,即墨群体多态性比例最高,无棣群体多态性比例最低。聚类分析表明,各群体间的遗传距离在0.0263～0.0448之间,乳山群体和无棣群体间的遗传距离最近(0.0263),两群体首先聚在一起,随后与牟平群体和即墨群体聚在一起。     

Validation and Application of Reanalysis Temperature Data over the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau has substantial impacts on the weather and climate of the Northern Hemisphere,due in large part to the thermal effects of the plateau surface.Surface temperature over the Tibetan Plateau is the most important parameter in determining these thermal effects.We present a method for verifying widely used reanalysis temperature products from NCEP-R2,ERA-Interim,and JRA-25 over the Tibetan Plateau,with the aim of obtaining a reliable picture of surface temperature and its changes over the plateau.Reanalysis data are validated against the topography elevation,satellite observations,and radiosonde data.ERA-Interim provides the most reliable estimates of Tibetan Plateau surface temperature among these three reanalyses.We therefore use this dataset to study the climatology and trends of surface temperature over the Tibetan Plateau.ERA-Interim data indicate a dramatic warming over the Tibetan Plateau from 1979 to2010,with warming rates of 0.33℃ per decade in annual mean temperature,0.22℃ per decade in summer and0.47℃ per decade in winter mean temperatures.Comparison with the results of previous studies suggests that surface warming over the Tibetan Plateau has accelerated during the past 30 years.This warming is distributed heterogeneously across the Tibetan Plateau,possibly due to topographic effects.     

Types and Causes of Debris Flow Damage to Drainage Channels in the Wenchuan Earthquake Area

Debris flows are among the most common geological disasters in China,and have been particularly frequent in Sichuan Province since the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008.The construction of debris flow drainage channels is a countermeasure used to distribute debris flow fans,and these channels play a critical role in the mitigation and prevention of damage resulting from debris flows.Under field conditions,the useful life of drainage channels can be greatly shortened as a result of strong abrasions to the drainage structure caused by the debris flow.Field investigations have shown that the types of damage to drainage channels include（a） erosion caused by hyper-concentrated silt flow,（b） impact fractures and foundation scour at the groundsills of the drainage channel,（c） destruction of the drainage channel outlet,and（d） destruction of the drainage channel caused by debris flow abrasion.In addition,based on the destruction of the drainage channel during the debris flow drainage process,a new type of drainage channel with energy dissipation components was proposed and applied in a steep,narrow gully for debris flow mitigation.Moreover,design and engineering repair recommendations for drainage channels are provided as a reference for repairing the damage to the channel.The results can provide an important reference for the effective repair and optimal design of drainage channels.     

城市部件绘图系统的设计与实现

探讨当前城市数据采集系统的发展现状.针对存在的问题,结合城市部件信息采集工作的实际流程,设计城市部件信息采集系统的总体框架.阐述系统的功能设计,叙述系统的实现过程,并给出核心功能的关键代码.最后给出系统的运行实例,同时根据实际应用情况指出系统的优点和需要进一步完善的若干问题.系统以AutoCAD为基础,使用开发组件Ob...     

一种改进的Mean Shift点云数据滤波

点云数据滤波是三维重建质量好坏的关键,为了避免在进行滤波时花费大量计算时间建立点云间的拓扑关系,提出利用改进的Mean Shift算法直接对点云数据进行处理,使其快速移动到核密度估计函数的最大值点,从而达到降低噪声的目的。